Which of the following is not an advantage of outsourcing all or part of the manufacturing function?

19. Which of the following is not an advantage of outsourcing all or part of the manufacturing function?
a)  Many contract manufacturers hire cheap labor.  
b)  Many contract manufacturers enjoy production efficiencies that would be costly to duplicate on an individual scale.  
c)  It allows companies to redirect the capital and resources spent on manufacturing to new product research and development, marketing, and customer service.  
d)  Many contract manufacturers are industry specialists with state-of-the art facilities.
20.​In response to declining profits, a violin manufacturer changes its approach to quality control by emphasizing employee involvement, customer expectations, benchmarking, and continuous improvement. The violin manufacturer has adopted a comprehensive approach to quality known as  ________.  
​a)  quality control  
​b)  continuous improvement  
​c)  total quality management  
​d)  quality assurance  
 
21.​Most of the concepts associated with goods manufacturing apply to services as well, although service providers face all of the following unique issues except:
​a)  Unlike goods, most services are consumed at the same time they are produced.  
b)  Service quality can be more subjective than goods quality.  
c)  Services are usually people-intensive.  
d)  Customers rarely dictate when and where services are performed.  
 
22.​Which of the following is not an advantage of outsourcing all or part of the manufacturing function?
​a)  Many contract manufacturers hire cheap labor.  
​b)  Many contract manufacturers enjoy production efficiencies that would be costly to duplicate on an individual scale.  
​c)  It allows companies to redirect the capital and resources spent on manufacturing to new product research and development, marketing, and customer service.  
​d)  Many contract manufacturers are industry specialists with state-of-the art facilities.  
 
23.​_____ is the power of a good or service to satisfy a human need.